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A straightforward explanation of biodegradable vs. compostable vs. oxo-degradable plastics

As consumer demand for sustainable products grows, bioplastics —which can reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse emissions— will become more prevalent. Production of bioplastics is expected to grow by as much as 20% by 2022, and as it does, consumer understanding of bioplastics will need to grow with it.

A major source of confusion is the difference between three terms: Biodegradability, compostability and oxo-degradability. Although these terms are often used interchangeably, they are not synonymous. Confusion regarding common bioplastics terminology such as these, especially where it concerns the disposal of bioplastic products, can have dire consequences. Companies need to understand the distinctions between each category in order to accurately and honestly market their products. And consumers need to understand these terms in order to make educated purchasing decisions and properly dispose of bioplastic products at the end of use.

Biodegradable materials can be broken down naturally by bacteria, fungi, and algae without human intervention. The leftover components often provide no nutritional benefit to the surrounding soil.

The amount of time it takes for different materials to break down varies. For example, polymers are often referred to as resistant to biodegradation due to how long it takes to deteriorate. For something to be biodegradable, favorable conditions such as temperature, microorganisms, moisture, oxygen, and time must be met.

A compostable material refers to a form of biodegradability that transforms materials into organic waste that enriches the soil, like food scraps, fallen leaves, and grass clippings. The main difference between compostable and biodegradable products is that compostable items provide nutrients back to the earth.

Composting something requires the right level of heat, water, and oxygen to support microorganisms that break down the material. Also, this process must take place within 12 weeks for the material to be compostable.