BN-P2C is a P/O hybrid-phase layered oxide cathode material with the general formula NaNiₓFeᵧMn₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂, featuring coexisting P2 (trigonal prismatic Na⁺ sites) and O3 (octahedral Na⁺ sites) phases. This dual-phase design combines the advantages of both structures: P2 provides fast Na⁺ diffusion and structural stability, while O3 delivers higher Na⁺ content and capacity.

• P2/O3 intergrowth mitigates irreversible phase transitions during cycling, enhancing structural integrity
• Transition metals (Ni, Fe, Mn) balance cost and performance: Ni boosts capacity, Mn stabilizes the framework, and Fe reduces costs
• High reversible capacity: ~130-140 mAh/g at 0.1C, with stable output at 1C (~120 mAh/g)
• Improved cyclability: Hybrid-phase interfaces suppress layer sliding and volume changes, achieving >90% capacity retention after 50 cycles
• Enhanced kinetics: P2-phase channels accelerate Na⁺ diffusion, enabling better rate capability

BN-P2C is specifically designed for large-scale energy storage applications including grid storage and electric vehicles. Its low cost, compatibility with existing manufacturing processes, and balanced energy/power density make it ideal for commercial energy storage solutions.

• Air sensitivity: Surface residual alkali requires protective coatings such as Al₂O₃ or NaTi₂(PO₄)₃
• High-voltage instability: Doping with elements like Ti or Mg stabilizes the lattice above 4.0 V vs. Na⁺/Na