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Computer numerical control machining, or CNC for short, is a subtractive manufacturing process. Companies of all kinds rely on this technology for everything from turbine blades to furniture trim. CNC machines can process a wide range of materials, whether you need a polyurethane foam part or a solid component made from a high-temperature alloy.

What is CNC machining?

CNC machining is a manufacturing technology that uses computer-generated instructions (called G-code) to remove material. There are two main types of CNC machines: one that holds the material stationary while a rotating tool cuts, and one that rotates the material while a stationary tool cuts. Building on these basic principles, more complex CNC machines can be constructed to meet diverse machining needs.

How does CNC machining work?

CNC machining comes in a variety of machine configurations, but they all follow the same basic operating model: specialized software converts a 3D model into a set of instructions that the CNC machine follows to create the final part. These instructions are written in a computer language called G-code.

Once the machine is running, the entire machining process typically requires no human intervention, aside from loading material, unloading the final part, and, if necessary, repositioning or securing the workpiece to allow the machine to reach previously inaccessible areas.

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Lathes

CNC lathes consist of a spindle and toolholder. They operate by moving a cutting tool around a cylindrical material that rotates on the spindle. More complex machines, such as Swiss-type lathes, are capable of machining non-cylindrical materials.

This machining method is typically used to produce products with a consistent design around their long axis. CNC lathes are widely used in the manufacturing industry, enabling high-precision and efficient machining.